Data Attributions

Organization: The World Bank Group

Website: https://www.worldbank.org/

Data Portal: https://data.worldbank.org/

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

Coverage: 217 countries and territories

Indicators Used:

• Labor force participation rate
• Unemployment rate
• GDP per capita
• Inflation rate
• Population statistics
• Gini index (income inequality)
• Tax revenue indicators (7 indicators)
• Wage and salaried workers
• Employing Workers (EW20) — termination, working time, leave (191 economies)
• Business Ready (B-Ready) — Labor pillar scores: termination, severance, minimum wage, dispute resolution, social contributions (101 economies)

Attribution Text:

Organization: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Website: https://www.oecd.org/

Data Portal: https://stats.oecd.org/

License: Free for commercial and non-commercial use with attribution

Coverage: 38 OECD member countries

Datasets Used:

• Average Annual Wages (AV_AN_WAGE)
• Minimum Wages (MIN2AVE)
• Social Expenditure Database (SOCX_AGG)
• Taxing Wages — household-specific tax wedge across 4 family types
• Tax & SSC database — granular PIT brackets and SSC rates
• Pensions at a Glance — replacement rates and system design
• Family Database + Net Childcare Costs
• Health Statistics & Health Protection
• Sick Leave database
• Housing Prices Database
• Labour Relations (collective bargaining, union density)
• Economic Outlook — forward-looking wage / compensation / employment / unemployment / inflation projections (~50 countries)
• Tax Database — corporate income tax, combined dividend tax, top-marginal PIT (~94 countries)
• Tax-Benefit Net Replacement Rates (NRR) — unemployment income-replacement rates by household type, earnings level, spouse income and unemployment duration (~38 OECD countries, per-country chunked fetch to handle the >4 GiB full SDMX response)

License update: All OECD datasets used here are CC-BY 4.0 (commercial use permitted with attribution; OECD shifted from "© OECD, used with permission" to CC-BY 4.0 in June 2023).

Attribution Text:

Organization: Statistical Office of the European Union

Website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/

Data Browser: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/

License: Free re-use for commercial and non-commercial purposes

Coverage: 27 EU member states + 3 EEA countries

Datasets Used:

• Tax Wedge on Labour Costs (earn_nt_taxwedge)
• Labour Cost Index (lc_lci_r2_a)
• Minimum Wages (earn_mw_avgr2)
• Structure of Earnings Survey 2022 — mean earnings by ISCO-08 occupation group, hourly median and deciles (earn_ses22_14, earn_ses22_21, earn_ses_hourly)

Attribution Text:

Organization: International Labour Organization

Website: https://www.ilo.org/

Data Portal: https://ilostat.ilo.org/

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) — ILO data and content published from 3 May 2023 permits commercial reuse and redistribution with attribution.

Coverage: 190+ member states

Datasets Used:

• Wage indices and nominal wage trends
• Mean monthly earnings by ISCO-08 occupation (LCU / USD / PPP)
• Labour cost statistics & employment costs
• Employment Protection Legislation (EPLex) — notice & severance
• Social protection coverage (SDG 1.3.1); working conditions

Attribution Text:

Organization: European Central Bank

Website: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/

Data Portal: https://data.ecb.europa.eu/

License: Free for commercial redistribution with attribution

Coverage: Euro area aggregate

Datasets Used:

• EURO STOXX 50 and sector indices
• Euro area government bond yields (2Y-10Y)

Attribution Text:

Organization: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Website: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/

License: Public domain, no redistribution restrictions

Coverage: United States

Datasets Used:

• Treasury yields (1Y, 2Y, 5Y, 10Y, 30Y) and 10Y-2Y spread
• High yield credit spread and VIX volatility index
• 30-year mortgage rate
• CPI (all items) and WTI crude oil price
• Unemployment rate, nonfarm payrolls, average hourly earnings, employment-population ratio

Attribution Text:

Organization: International Monetary Fund

Website: https://www.imf.org/

Data Portal: https://data.imf.org/

License: Free with attribution

Coverage: 190 member countries

Datasets Used:

• CPI and inflation forecasts
• World Economic Outlook indicators

Attribution Text:

Organization: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

Website: https://population.un.org/wpp/

License: Free use including commercial use with attribution (UN Population Division open-data terms)

Coverage: 200+ countries, projections to 2100, refreshed every 2 years (current: WPP 2024)

Datasets Used:

• Total population (level + growth rate)
• Median age — workforce-ageing trajectory
• Crude birth and death rates
• Life expectancy at birth and at age 65 (pension/retirement-age relevance)
• Net migration rate

Attribution Text:

U.S. Department of State — Office of Allowances

Website: https://allowances.state.gov/

License: Public domain (U.S. government work). No endorsement by the U.S. Department of State is implied.

• Foreign per diem (maximum lodging, meals & incidentals, total), per city
• Post hardship differential, post (cost-of-living) allowance, danger pay, living quarters allowance
• These are the rates the U.S. government pays its own civilian staff abroad — a reference benchmark, not a survey of private-employer practice

Eurostat — EU staff correction coefficients

Website: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/civil-servants-remuneration

License: CC BY 4.0 (© European Union; Commission Decision 2011/833/EU). Values are re-served unchanged.

• Purchasing-power correction coefficients for EU officials' pay by duty station (Brussels = 100): annual (1 July), intermediate (1 January) and pension coefficients

UN DESA — International Migrant Stock 2024

Website: un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock

License: CC BY 3.0 IGO, as stated in the dataset itself.

• International migrant stock (total, by sex), migrants as % of population, female share, emigrant stock

World Bank — Remittance Prices Worldwide

Website: remittanceprices.worldbank.org

License: CC BY 4.0. Country averages computed by Rewardata from the published provider-level data — an adaptation, not endorsed by the World Bank.

• Average total cost of sending USD 200 to / from each country (% of amount sent)

Organization: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Website: https://www.bls.gov/

License: Public domain

Coverage: United States

Datasets Used:

• Employment Cost Index (ECI)
• Occupational wage data
• Employer costs for employee compensation

Attribution Text:

Organization: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Website: https://www.ahrq.gov/

Data Portal: https://meps.ahrq.gov/

License: Public domain

Coverage: United States

Datasets Used:

• Employer-sponsored health insurance premiums
• Employee contribution rates
• Health plan enrollment statistics

Attribution Text:

Organization: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification

Website: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor

License: Public domain

Coverage: United States

Datasets Used:

• Prevailing wage data
• Labor Condition Application (LCA) disclosures

Attribution Text:

Organization: WageIndicator Foundation

Website: https://wageindicator.org/

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

Coverage: 118 countries (Labour Law Database)

Datasets Used:

• Labour Law Database (Zenodo) — 13th/14th-month pay, overtime, working hours, probation, notice periods, statutory leave

Note: we do not use WageIndicator’s living-wage, minimum-wage or cost-of-living survey products — those are a separate proprietary/paywalled offering, not the CC BY Zenodo dataset. Our living-wage figure is an independent estimate (see below).

Attribution Text:

Organization: World Bank (with Tufts University & FAO)

Website: Food Prices for Nutrition DataHub

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

Coverage: ~170 countries, 2017–present

Datasets Used:

• Cost of a Healthy Diet (CoHD) — local currency & PPP, per person/day
• Affordability of a healthy diet (share unable to afford)

World Bank-hosted, so it is not subject to FAO’s separate database terms. This is the food anchor of our living-wage estimate.

Attribution Text:

Organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Website: ers.usda.gov — Food Expenditure Series

License: U.S. Government work — public domain (17 USC §105); mirrored via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0)

Coverage: ~104 countries, annual

Datasets Used:

• Share of consumer expenditure spent on food (the Engel coefficient) — the multiplier in the living-wage estimate

Attribution Text:

Organization: World Bank

Website: worldbank.org/en/programs/icp

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

Coverage: ~176 economies (benchmark years 2017, 2021)

Datasets Used:

• Food expenditure share (2nd source for the living-wage Engel coefficient)
• Housing expenditure share + housing price level (living-wage housing component)

Attribution Text:

What it is: an in-house estimate of a net living wage, computed with a transparent, needs-based methodology on open data.

Inputs: World Bank Food Prices for Nutrition (CC BY 4.0) + World Bank GDP per capita PPP (CC BY 4.0).

Methodology: /methodology/living-wage

Calculated from reputable public data with one transparent, consistent methodology applied to every country — an independent estimate that complements published benchmarks.

Attribution Text:

Organization: Bank for International Settlements

Website: https://www.bis.org/

Data Portal: https://data.bis.org/

License: Free with attribution

Coverage: 60+ countries

Datasets Used:

• Consumer price indices
• Property price statistics
• Effective exchange rates

Attribution Text:

Rewardata also standardises data from the public sources below — each cleared for commercial redistribution with attribution. The detailed OECD, Eurostat, ILO, World Bank and IMF datasets are credited under their parent organisation's licence (above).

• European Commission — AMECO (DG ECFIN macro-economic database). EU re-use (Decision 2011/833/EU).
• EIGE — Gender Equality Index (European Institute for Gender Equality). Free re-use with attribution.
• Penn World Table (Groningen Growth & Development Centre) — PPP & real income. CC BY 4.0.
• UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset (Version 2025) — tax revenue. Open and free to use with attribution. Cite: UNU-WIDER (2025). UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset. Version 2025. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/GRD-2025.
• UN — Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Free re-use with attribution.
• Nager.Date — public-holiday calendars. MIT License.
• OECD detail (CC BY 4.0): Taxing Wages, Tax & SSC, Tax Database, Tax-Benefit, Pensions at a Glance, Family / Net Childcare, SOCX, Housing Prices, Labour Relations, Economic Outlook, Sick Leave.
• Eurostat detail (EU re-use): Structure of Earnings, HICP, Labour Cost, EU-SILC, City Statistics.
• World Bank detail (CC BY 4.0): Women, Business & the Law (WBL), Business Ready (B-Ready), Employing Workers (EW20), Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators (WWBI), International Comparison Program (ICP).
• IMF detail (free with attribution): CPI, DataMapper (World Economic Outlook), Government Finance Statistics.